Medical effect of sports on improving the maximum oxygen / O efeito médico dos esportes na melhora da captação de oxigênio / El efecto médico de los deportes en la mejora de la captación de oxígeno

ABSTRACT Introduction: Maximum oxygen uptake is an effective indicator of the level of human cardiopulmonary function and aerobic work capacity. Observing the effects of aerobic training and formulating scientific training plans are of considerable value. Objective: To observe the effect of physical exercise on the human body's maximum oxygen uptake and arterial blood ketone body ratio. Methods: Before and after 4 weeks of physical exercise, the maximum oxygen uptake, blood lactic acid and heart rate changes, and ketone body content in the incremental load exercise experiment was measured in the human body. Results: The subjects' maximum oxygen uptake, maximum exercise load, heart rate, and blood lactic acid levels increased significantly after physical exercise. Conclusion: The human body's maximum oxygen uptake is enhanced under sports. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: A captação máxima de oxigênio é um indicador eficaz do nível da função cardiopulmonar e da capacidade de trabalho aeróbico humano. A observação dos efeitos de treinos aeróbicos e a formulação de planos de treinamento científicos têm valor considerável. Objetivo: Observar o efeito do exercício físico na captação máxima de oxigênio e a proporção de corpos cetônicos e sangue arterial no corpo humano. Métodos: Antes e após exercícios físicos de quatro semanas, a captação máxima de oxigênio, ácido láctico no sangue e mudanças na frequência cardíaca, além do conteúdo de corpos cetônicos, em um experimento de carga de exercícios progressiva foram medidos no corpo humano. Resultados: A captação máxima de oxigênio, carga máxima de exercício, frequência cardíaca e níveis de ácido láctico no sangue dos indivíduos aumentaram significativamente após o exercício físico. Conclusão: A captação máxima de oxigênio aumenta com a prática de esportes. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La captación máxima de oxígeno es un indicador eficaz del nivel de la función cardiopulmonar y de la capacidad de trabajo aeróbico humano. La observación de los efectos de entrenamientos aeróbicos y la formulación de planes de entrenamiento científicos tiene valor considerable. Objetivo: Observar el efecto del ejercicio físico en la captación máxima de oxígeno y la proporción de cuerpos cetónicos y sangre arterial en el cuerpo humano. Métodos: Se midió, en el cuerpo humano, antes y después de ejercicios físicos de 4 semanas, la captación máxima de oxígeno, ácido láctico en la sangre y cambios en la frecuencia cardíaca, además del contenido de cuerpo cetónicos, en un experimento de carga progresiva. Resultados: La captación máxima de oxígeno, carga máxima de ejercicio, frecuencia cardíaca y niveles de ácido láctico en la sangre de los individuos aumentaron significativamente tras el ejercicio físico. Conclusión: La captación máxima de oxígeno aumenta con la práctica de deportes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

The Potential Cardioprotective Mechanism of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors / 임상당뇨병

The potential mechanism by which sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) is being widely investigated. Improved insulin resistance, along with decreased body fat mass associated with SGLT2 inhibitor treatment is consistent with previously well-established factors contributing to the prevention of CVD. These factors are responsible for reduction of oxidative stress as well as improvement of systemic inflammation. Because heart failure was one of the most dramatically improved cardiovascular events in various clinical trials and because SGLT2 inhibitors promote osmotic diuresis and natriuresis, hemodynamic changes are considered as a critical mechanism responsible for the cardioprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors. Restored tubuloglomerular feedback by SGLT2 inhibitors might play a role in renoprotection, which in turn, leads to fewer CVDs. Finally, blood ketone body increments in response to SGLT2 inhibition might act as a “super-fuel” for salvaging the failing diabetic heart.

Chemical constituents from ethyl acetate fraction of Swertia davidii / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from Swertia davidii. Methods: The chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate fraction from the whole plants of S. davidii (Gentianaceae) were investigated by various chromatographic methods including silica gel, ODS, semi-preparative HPLC and so on. Their structures were identified on the basis of NMR spectral data analysis and comparisons with the data reported in literatures. Results: Seventeen known compounds were separated and purified from the ethyl acetate fraction of this plant, which were identified as gentiocrucine (1), gentiocrucine A (2), gentiocrucine B (3), junipediol A (4), 1-hydroxy-3,4,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone (5), 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (6), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxyxanthone (7), 1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (8), swertianolin (9), deacetylcentapicrin (10), amarogentin (11), amaroswerin (12), swertiamarin (13), gentiopicroside (14), oleanolic acid (15), daucosterol (16), and β-sitosterol (17). Conclusion: Compounds 1-6, 10, 12, 16, and 17 are isolated from S. davidii for the first time.

Research progress on chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and predictive analysis on quality markers / 中草药

Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is a kind of traditional Chinese medicinal material in China, which has unique efficacy and rich resources. It is mainly distributed in the alpine mountains of temperate and subtropical Asia. Its genuine producing areas are Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Sichuan Province, and Tibet Autonomous Region. In recent years, with the continuous in-depth study of Radix et Rhizoma by scholars at home and abroad, many kinds of chemical constituents, extensive pharmacological effects and application and development of Radix et Rhizoma have attracted much attention, and have broad application prospects and considerable market value. Based on the analysis of its chemical composition and traditional efficacy combined with modern pharmacological action, and according to the theory of quality marker, the quality markers of Radix et Rhizoma were predicted and analyzed from the aspects of the chemical composition and traditional medicinal properties, traditional efficacy, new clinical uses, plasma composition, measurable components, effective components in different compatibility, and the effect of storage time and so on, which provides a scientific basis for the quality evaluation of Radix et Rhizoma and establishment of its quality control system.

The clinical efficacy and follow-up study of ketogenic diet adding treatment for refractor epilepsy in children / 中国医师杂志

Objective To study the clinical efficacy and follow-up study of ketogenic diet adding treatment for refractor epilepsy in children.Methods Cluster sampling method was employed to select children in children's hospital from January 2015 to June 2017,a total of 25 cases were diagnosed refractor epilepsy and adding ketogenic diet.Engel grade was used to evaluate the efficiency,the side effects,electroencephalogram (EEG) changes and intellectual development at 3 months,3-6 months,and more than 6 months.Results The effective rate of epileptic seizure control was 0,66.7％ and 87.5％ at 3 months,3 -6 months and ＞ 6 months respectively.The improvement rate of EEG discharge index was 33.3％,50％ and 81.3％ respectively.The improvement of intelligence development was 33.3％,50％ and 68.8％ respectively.Gastrointestinal disturbances were the main side effects.Severe side effect occurred in two cases--they had severe food refusal and were stopped the ketogenic diet adding treament.Conclusions The ketogenic diet is effective,safe,few side effects and tolerable in infants and children with refractory epilepsy.The ketogenic diet may improve cognition and behavior in addition to reducing seizure frequency,the interical epileptiform discharges (IED) index and improve the quality of life of epileptic children.However,the acceptance of ketogenic diet therapy for children is not satisfactory.The sample size is small and needs further promotion.While large samples and long-term observations are still desired to better recipes,and to provide possibly effective altemative to other therapies for refractor epilepsy.

Protective effect of chalcone ketones compound L2H17 on mice infected with influenza virus / 军事医学

Objective To investigate the protective and therapeutic effect of chalcone ketones compound(code:L2H17,hereinafter referred to as L2)on mice infected with influenza A virus.Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups:normal group,model group,positive drug-treated group,L2 treated groups (3 different concentrations).The mice were adapted for 72 hours,before a model was established by intranasal infection.Mice in each group were given medicine by i.g once daily for 6 days starting 24 h before virus challenge.Survival was observed daily for 14 days.The mortality,median survival time,rate of death protection and rate of prolonging life were determined to observe the therapeutic effect of chalcone(L2) against influenza virus infection.The whole lungs were taken under aseptic conditions on days 3 and 5 post-infection to calculat lung indexes and lung index inhibition.The left lung was fixed with 4% formaldehyde for pathological biopsy,the right lung was soaked in RNAstore to detect lung tissue viral load,and the double antibody sandwich ELISA method was used to detect the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in order to observe the therapeutic effect of L2 on viral pneumonia caused by influenza virus infection.Results Compared with the model group,the L2 80 mg/kg treatment group exhibited significant increases in median survival time(11 d),the rate of death protection (50%),and the rate of prolonging life(24.1%)but a moderate 50% decrease in mortality.In addition,the lung index decreased significantly both on d 3 and 5 after virus infection (P<0.05).The pathological results also improved significantly.The L2 80 mg/kg dose group had a significantly lower viral load of lung tissue on d 3 and 5 post-infection(P<0.05).Compared with model group,the expression of inflammatory factor IL-6 became lower to different degrees.Conclusion L2 has a protective effect on mice infected with influenza virus by reducing the degree of pathological changes of pneumonia caused by influenza viruses.

Ketogenic diet antiepileptic mechanism and the application of children / 中国医师杂志

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a similar diet fasting state that is high in fat and low carbohydrate.KD is used in the treatment of refractory epilepsy,but the mechanism is not completely clear.According to the current research progress,the mechanism of KD is antiepilepsy.This paper reviewed the progress of the application of KD in the elucidation of several metabolic diseases and epilepsy syndrome caused by epilepsy.With the further development of the antiepilepsy mechanism of KD in the future,it will not only guide the application of more diseases,but also provide a scientific theoretical basis for the discovery of new antiepileptic drugs.

In-depth Medical Nutrition Therapy for a Woman with Diabetes: From Pregnancy to Delivery

Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with higher rates of miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, preterm labor, and fetal malformation. To prevent these obstetric and perinatal complications, women with diabetes have to control levels of blood sugar, both prior to and during pregnancy. Thus, individualized medical nutrition therapy for each stage of pregnancy is essential. We provided in-depth medical nutrition therapy to a 38-year-old pregnant woman with diabetes at all stages of pregnancy up to delivery. She underwent radiation therapy after surgery for breast cancer and was diagnosed with diabetes. At the time of diagnosis, her glycated hemoglobin level was 8.3% and she was planning her pregnancy. She started taking an oral hypoglycemic agent and received education regarding the management of diabetes and preconception care. She became pregnant while maintaining a glycated hemoglobin level of less than 6%. We provided education program for diabetes management during the pregnancy, together with insulin therapy. She experienced weight loss and ketones were detected; furthermore, she was taking in less than the recommended amount of foods for the regulation of blood sugar levels. By giving emotional support, we continued the counseling and achieved not only glycemic control but also instilled an appreciation of the importance of appropriate weight gain and coping with difficulties. Through careful diabetes management, the woman had a successful outcome for her pregnancy, other than entering preterm labor at 34 weeks. This study implicated that the important things in medical nutrition therapy for pregnant women with diabetes are frequent follow-up care and emotional approach through the pregnancy process.

Absolute determination of stereochemical configuration of some marine natural products / 国际药学研究杂志

The determination of stereochemical absolute structure is an important issue in structural elucidation of natural products. The absolute configuration of natural compounds with a chiral α, β -unsaturated ketone chromorphore can be determined by the Cotton effect in 320-350 nm (n→π,* transition) and 220-260 nm (π→π,* transition) regions of the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. This paper reviews the absolute stereochemical asignment of some α, β-unsaturated ketone compounds as well as some of the longer fatty chain derived compounds.

Effects of thiazolidinediones on vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中国基层医药

Objective To study the effect of thiazolidinediones on vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods 50 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected as the research objects,the representative drug pioglitazone application situation for 50 patients were measured before and after the treatment,fasting blood glucose,postprandial 2h blood glucose,total cholesterol,high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein,total cholesterol,triglyceride,fasting insulin,glycosylated protein and inflammatory factors in red vascular cell adhesion factor were detected.Results the patients after treatment of endothelium dependent vaso-dilatation function improved,compared with those before treatment (P <0.05),fasting blood glucose,patients after the treatment of 2h after meal blood glucose.Conclusion The two thiazolidinediones can effectively improve type 2 diabetes vascular endothelial function,and have a positive effect on the prevention of patients with cardiovascular dis-ease.

Achados bioquímicos, eletrolíticos e hormonais de cabras acometidas com toxemia da prenhez / Biochemical, electrolytic and hormonal findings in goats affected with pregnancy toxemia

A abrangência dos estudos sobre a toxemia da prenhez (TP) tem sido constante e inovadora em alguns conceitos, porém o estudo dos casos clínicos naturais em cabras é inexistente no Brasil. Diante disso, realizou-se análise das alterações clínicas, do perfil bioquímico, eletrolítico e hormonal com o objetivo de compreender a fisiopatogenia da enfermidade. Foram avaliadas 22 cabras atendidas na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns/UFRPE, diagnosticadas com TP, no período de 2007 a 2012. Realizou-se exame clínico e coleta de sangue e urina, para análise do perfil bioquímico e hormonal. Acentuadas alterações clínicas foram observadas, como decúbito, apatia, dispneia, aumento da temperatura corpórea, mucosas congestas, vasos episclerais injetados, desidratação, anorexia, hipomotilidade ou atonia ruminal, edema nos membros. Os resultados laboratoriais revelaram valores elevados para ureia, creatinina, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), β-hidroxibutirato, amilase e cortisol, enquanto as variáveis: proteína total, albumina, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, a relação cálcio e fósforo, sódio e insulina encontraram-se diminuídos. Outros parâmetros bioquímicos e eletrolíticos, como frutosamina, globulina, cloro, potássio e magnésio mantiveram-se dentro da faixa de normalidade. Quanto a glicemia, foram constatados três condições nas cabras com TP, normoglicêmicas (50%), hiperglicêmicas (27,28%) e hipoglicêmicas (22,72%). Dos 17 (77,27%) animais que obtiveram alta 10 (58,82%) eram normoglicêmicos. Vieram a óbito 22,8 % (5/22), no qual 60% (3/5) delas estavam hiperglicêmicas. A média de nascimento por cabra foi superior a duas crias. Verificou-se existir associação fortemente positiva dos AGNE's com a albumina (r=0,60), fraca com o β-hidroxibutirato (r=0,10) e glicose (r=0,03). Porém, existiu relação fortemente negativa dos AGNE's com a insulina (r= -0,70), moderada com o cortisol (r= -0,52) e amilase (r= -0,30). Marcadas alterações clínicas e metabólicas ...

Studies on pregnancy toxemia (PT) have been constant and innovative with regard to some concepts. However, no studies have been carried out on natural clinical cases in Brazil. Thus, the aim of the present study was to perform an analysis of clinical, biochemical, electrolytic and hormonal findings in goats with PT to gain an understanding of the physiopathology of this metabolic disease. Twenty-two goats with a diagnosis of PT were analyzed at the Bovine Clinic of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (Garanhuns Campus, Brazil) between 2007 and 2012. Clinical exams were performed and both blood and urine were collected for the biochemical and hormonal analyses. Accentuated clinical changes were found, such as decubitus, apathy, dyspnea, increased body temperature, congested mucous membranes, dilated episcleral vessels, dehydration, anorexia, ruminal stasis and edema in the limbs. The laboratory findings revealed high concentrations of urea, creatinine, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, amylase and cortisol as well as reductions in total proteins, albumin, total calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus the calcium to phosphorus ratio, sodium and insulin. Fructosamine, globulin, chlorine, potassium and magnesium were within the range of normality. Regarding blood sugar, 50% of the goats were within the normal range, 27.28% were hyperglycemic and 22.72% were hypoglycemic; among the 17 animals (77.27%) discharged with life, ten (58.82%) had normal blood sugar levels. Five goats (22.8%) died, 60% (3/5) of which were hyperglycemic. The mean birth rate per goat was more than two offspring. Non-esterified fatty acids were strongly associated with albumin (r = 0.60) and weakly associated with both β-hydroxybutyrate (r=0.10) and glucose (r=0.03). Moreover, non-esterified fatty acids were negatively associated with insulin (r= -0.70; strong association), cortisol (r= -0.52; moderate association) and amylase (r= -0.30; moderate association)...

Evaluation of TBP, TOA and MEK as extractants to obtain 99Tc radiotracers in organic phase from 99Mo / 99mTc generator. / Evaluación del TBF, la TOA y la MEC como extrayentes para obtener radiotrazadores de 99mTc en fase orgánica a partir del generador de 99Mo / 99mTc

An alternative for radiotracer technique in Cuba, is the use of sodium pertechnate (Na99mTcO4) eluted from 99Mo/99mTc generator. This radioisotope generator is produced by the Cuban Center of Isotopes (CENTIS). Taking into account that solvent extraction is an usual procedure to separate 99mTcO4- from the fission products, this technique was used to get a radiotracer in organic phase from the eluted 99mTcO4-, using 30% TBP-16% TOA/ n-dodecane and 30% TBP-16% TOA/ ciclohexane as solvents. On the other hand, MEK is used as solvent in the so called 99Mo/99mTc extraction radioisotope generator. Consequently, it was also evaluated. In this paper, the influence on the extraction degree, of the volumetric ratio between organic and aqueous phases, the time of phase shaking and the time elapsed between shaking-end and phase separation were studied. Furthermore, in the case of MEK, the influence of NaOH concentration in the aqueous phase was considered. For the extraction using 30% TBP-16% TOA/ciclohexane and 30% TBP-16% TOA/n-dodecane, the influence of pH was also studied. The extraction degree of 99TcO4- eluted from generator using MEK, as well as 30% TBP-16% TOA in n-dodecane or ciclohexane, in adequate conditions, was higher than 99%, so, any of the tested solvents could be used to get a 99mTc radiotracer in organic phase.

Una alternativa para el empleo de la técnica de radiotrazadores en Cuba ha sido el uso del pertecnetato de sodio (Na99TcO4) eluido del generador de 99Mo/99Tc producido en el Centro de Isótopos. Teniendo en cuenta que la extracción se utiliza regularmente para separar al 99mTcO4- de los productos de fisión, se evaluó este método para obtener un radiotrazador en fase orgánica a partir del 99TcO4-, empleando como solventes la mezcla 30% TBF-16% TOA en n-dodecano y en ciclohexano. Por otro lado, la metiletilcetona se utiliza como solvente en el generador radisotópico de extracción de 99Mo/99mTc, por lo que también se evaluó para estos fines. En el trabajo se estudió la influencia de la relación volumétrica de la fase acuosa y la orgánica, del tiempo de contacto en agitación y del tiempo de reposo antes de la separación de las fases, en el grado de extracción del 99mTc. En el caso de la metiletilcetona se evaluó además, la influencia de la concentración de NaOH en la fase acuosa y para la extracción, con 30% TBF-16% TOA en ciclohexano y en n-dodecano, la del pH. El grado de extracción del 99TcO4- eluido del generador empleando, ya sea la metiletlicetona o la mezcla 30% TBF-16% TOA en n-dodecano o ciclohexano, en condiciones adecuadas, fue superior al 99 %; por tanto, cualquiera de los solventes evaluados se puede utilizar para obtener radiotrazadores de 99mTc en fase orgánica.

Eco friendly synthetic routes for the reduction of carbonyl and the substituted carbonyl compounds.

Incorporation of green methodology via biocatalytic and electrochemical steps using Baker’s Yeast and electrons as reducing agent respectively have been employed as a novel and efficient route to furnish relevent chiral building blocks for fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Reduction of selected ketones such as 2-methylcyclohexanone, 3-methylcyclohexanone, 4-methylcyclohexanone and ethyl-2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate have been carried out by biotransformation (using whole cells of Baker’s Yeast in their free as well as immobilized form in mixtures of glycerol and water) and via electrochemical method to the corresponding alcohols. Optimum conditions for electrochemical reduction like solvent, supporting electrolyte, reduction potential and pH were determined at glassy carbon electrode employing cyclic voltammetric technique. The effect of scan rate, pH were also studied. The electrochemical reduction was carried out at constant current using stainless steel (SS-316) electrodes. The products obtained were purified & then the results of both reduction routes (biocatalytic & electrochemical) were compared and then characterized by spectroscopic techniques.